Notes on finite group theory

2 Preface Group theory is a central part of modern mathematics. Its origins lie in geometry (where groups describe in a very detailed way the symmetries of geometric objects) and in the theory of polynomial equations (developed by Galois, who showed how to associate a finite group with any polynomial equation in such a way that the structure of the group encodes information about the process of solving the equation). These notes are based on a Masters course I gave at Queen Mary, University of London. Of the two lecturers who preceded me, one had concentrated on finite soluble groups, the other on finite simple groups; I have tried to steer a middle course, while keeping finite groups as the focus. The notes do not in any sense form a textbook, even on finite group theory. Finite group theory has been enormously changed in the last few decades by the immense Classification of Finite Simple Groups. The most important structure theorem for finite groups is the Jordan–Hölder Theorem, which shows that any finite group is built up from finite simple groups. If the finite simple groups are the building blocks of finite group theory, then extension theory is the mortar that holds them together, so I have covered both of these topics in some detail: examples of simple groups are given (alternating groups and projective special linear groups), and extension theory (via factor sets) is developed for extensions of abelian groups. In a Masters course, it is not possible to assume that all the students have reached any given level of proficiency at group theory. So the first chapter of these notes, " Preliminaries " , takes up nearly half the total. This starts from the definition of a group and includes subgroups and homomorphisms, examples of groups, group actions, Sylow's theorem, and composition series. This material is mostly without proof, but I have included proofs of some of the most important results, including the theorems of Sylow and Jordan–Hölder and the Fundamental Theorem of Finite Abelian Groups. The fourth chapter gives some basic information about nilpotent and soluble groups. Much more could be said here; indeed, it could be argued that a goal of finite group theory is to understand general finite groups as well as we now understand finite soluble groups. The final chapter contains solutions to some of the exercises. I am grateful to students and colleagues …